Cardiovascular–Kidney–Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: A Life-Course Continuum from Obesity and Insulin Resistance to Cardiovascular and Renal Disease

Background

Cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic disorders are increasingly recognised as interconnected across the life course. In children and adolescents, obesity and insulin resistance may coexist with hypertension, dyslipidaemia, dysglycaemia, kidney abnormalities, and early cardiovascular injury. This review evaluates the applicability of the cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) framework to paediatric practice.