Standardization of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP): The Impact of Preparation Methods on Biological Composition, Clinical Efficacy, and Comparability of Research Findings - A Narrative Review

Introduction: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous blood-derived product with an increased concentration of platelets and numerous growth factors involved in tissue repair and regeneration. PRP is widely used in regenerative medicine, particularly in orthopedics, surgery, dermatology, and dentistry. However, the lack of standardized protocols for PRP preparation, activation, and classification limits the comparability of studies and the consistent evaluation of its clinical efficacy.Objective: This study aimed to review current knowledge on PRP, including its preparation and activation methods, biological composition, classification systems, and the role of standardization in determining its biological properties and clinical outcomes.Materials and Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using the PubMed database. Publications from 2013 onward addressing PRP preparation, activation, biological composition, classification systems, and clinical applications were included. The search terms were: platelet-rich plasma (PRP), PRP standardization, PRP classification, platelet-richplasma preparation, platelet-rich plasma activation, and platelet-rich plasma clinical applications.Conclusions: The biological composition and therapeutic potential of PRP depend largely on the preparation protocol, including centrifugation parameters, platelet and leukocyte content, and the activation method. Although PRP has shown promising regenerative potential, the absence of standardized preparation and classification protocols remains a major obstacle to reproducible research and broader clinical implementation. Standardization is essential to improve study comparability, optimize therapeutic efficacy, and support the further development of regenerative medicine.