Palmitate-activated IRE1-XBP1 signaling limits DNA damage and is associated with H2A.X-linked DNA damage response transcripts in triple-negative breast cancer cells

Palmitate-associated lipotoxic stress activates the endoplasmic-reticulum stress sensor protein IRE1, but how IRE1 signaling influences genotoxic-stress responses in triple-negative breast cancer remains unclear. Here, we investigated IRE1 and XBP1 signaling in MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to palmitate and etoposide. Under combined lipotoxic and genotoxic stress, XBP1 depletion increased DNA-damage accumulation in IRE1 wild-type cells but not in IRE1-deficient cells, whereas IRE1 re-expression reduced DNA damage. Pharmacologic IRE1 RNase inhibition also increased etoposide-associated DNA damage, supporting a protective role for IRE1 RNase-dependent signaling. IRE1 status and XBP1 manipulation differentially affected H2A.X and γH2A.X abundance, indicating context-dependent regulation of chromatin-associated DNA-damage signaling. At the RNA level, H2A.X was enriched in IRE1 immunoprecipitates, and the H2A.X-linked DNA-damage-response transcripts HUWE1 and BRCA2 also associated with IRE1 under combined stress. These findings link palmitate-activated IRE1-XBP1 signaling to genome-protective responses during genotoxic stress and identify a network of IRE1-associated DNA-damage-response transcripts in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Direct IRE1-mediated cleavage of these transcripts remains to be established.