Ocular Surface Disorders in Hajj Pilgrims: A Systematic Review of Environmental Exposure and Travel-Related Health Risks

Purpose

Hajj pilgrimage represents a unique mass gathering environment where pilgrims are exposed to extreme climatic conditions and travel-related health risks. While previous Hajj health research has primarily focused on infectious diseases and acute medical conditions, ocular surface disorders remain insufficiently explored. This systematic review aims to synthesize current evidence regarding ocular surface disorders associated with environmental exposure and travel-related health risks among Hajj pilgrims and comparable arid environmental settings.