Effect of a Plant-Based Sweet Potato and Almond Snack Bar, High Intensity Interval Training, and Mindfulness Therapy on Blood Glucose Control among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Medan Selayang District, Medan, Indonesia

Background

Integrated lifestyle interventions combining nutritional, physical, and psychological strategies may improve glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, evidence regarding the combined effects of high-fiber functional foods, high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and mindfulness therapy remains limited, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This study evaluated the effects of a multimodal lifestyle intervention on glycemic responses among individuals with T2DM and non-diabetic adults.