Spirometry-Assessed Obstructive Airway Disease and Its Determinants among Male Bidi and Cigarette Smokers in Rural Odisha, India: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Background

Tobacco smoking, particularly bidi use, is highly prevalent in rural India and is associated with significant respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity. The purpose was to compare spirometry parameters between bidi and cigarette smokers, estimate the prevalence of obstructive airway disease (OAD), and assess its association with blood pressure among male smokers.