Preoperative Varicocele Severity and Sperm Concentration Are Associated with Absence of Internal Spermatic Vein Reflux in Patients Undergoing Varicocele Embolization: Results from A Cross-Sectional Study

Purpose

To assess the prevalence and predictors of absence of internal spermatic vein (ISV) reflux during varicocele embolization in infertile male. Materials and Methods: Demographic, clinical and laboratory data from 237 infertile males treated with percutaneous varicocele embolization between January 2017 and November 2024 were analyzed. Each patient underwent color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) and semen analysis, both repeated 6 months post-procedure. Semen analysis values were based on 2021 World Health Organization reference criteria. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models tested the association between predictors and embolization failure.