Immunomodulatory drugs in ophthalmology: A comprehensive review of indications, contraindications and emerging evidence

Background

Ocular inflammatory and autoimmune diseases represent a heterogeneous group of conditions that, when inadequately controlled, lead to irreversible structural damage and visual impairment. Conventional corticosteroids, while effective for acute suppression, are associated with a well-documented constellation of sight-threatening and systemic adverse effects with prolonged use, necessitating the integration of steroid-sparing immunomodulatory therapy (IMT).

Methods