Abstract / Summary
Objectives: Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a serious complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) characterized by an overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) as a result of abnormalities in the metabolism of vitamins D, calcium, and phosphate. Inadequate phosphate excretion and reduced vitamin D activation lead to hypocalcemia as a consequence of parathyroid gland overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which occurs with chronic kidney disease (CKD). which is why chronically high PTH increases the risk of arterial calcification, bone problems, and cardiovascular disease. This research aims to determine how common SHPT is in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and how PTH, calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D levels interact with one another in the blood. It also claims to evaluate the efficacy of current treatments, such as phosphate binders, vitamin D analogs, and calcimimetics, and to determine the effects of SHPT on cardiovascular and bone health. Patients diagnosed with SHPT and undergoing chronic kidney disease (CKD) at any stage from 1 to 5 will participate in the prospective observational study. The results of many tests, such as those measuring blood calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and alkaline phosphatase, will be collected with demographic information and medical history. Research in this area will use descriptive statistics to determine prevalence, regression models to evaluate risk variables linked to SHPT progression, and correlation analyses for biochemical indicators. Methodology: Subjects with chronic kidney disease (CKD) will have their biochemical profiles and rates of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) monitored prospectively. To be eligible for inclusion, patients must satisfy the following requirements: they must be at least 18 years old, have a confirmed diagnosis of chronic renal disease, and have access to biochemical data about vitamin D, calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone or PTH. The goal of this study is to conduct a focused investigation of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) by excluding individuals with a history of parathyroidectomy, acute kidney injury (AKI), or primary hyperparathyroidism. Age, gender, comorbidities, length of chronic renal illness, and medication usage are some of the demographic details that will be collected. The function of the parathyroid glands may be measured by blood parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels; mineral imbalances can be investigated by calcium and phosphate levels; and vitamin D insufficiency can be determined by vitamin D levels. In order to assess renal function, we will measure serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and to gauge bone turnover, we will look at alkaline phosphatase. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics will be utilized to gather biochemical traits and patient demographics. The relationship between parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and biochemical markers such vitamin D, calcium, and phosphate will be examined in correlation research. Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) risk variables can be identified using regression analysis. Results: A non-random purposive selecting strategy was used to choose 121 patients in total for the investigation. According to the age distribution, around 31% of CKD patients' SHPT fell into the 59–68 age group, 20% into the 69–80 age group, 16% into the 29–38 age group,