Relationship between Anti-Müllerian Hormone and Body Mass Index: A Cross-sectional Study in Reproductive-age Indian Women

ReseaRch aRticlewith chronic low-grade inflammation and hyperinsulinemia, can directly impair granulosa cell function, alter the intraovarian hormonal milieu, and suppress AMH gene expression.8 A critical gap in the existing literature is the need for research assessing AMH concentrations across body mass index (BMI) categories in normal-weight, overweight, and obese healthy women with regular menstrual cycles and without confounding factors such as anovulation or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Regular menstrual cycling indicates preserved function IntroductIonObesity has affected millions of people worldwide and reflects one of the major health issues of the modern era, which is linked to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders.1,2 Obesity in women affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis by numerous mechanisms, such as chronic hyperinsulinemia, leptin excess, possible adipocyte dysregulation of adipokines, and augmentation of peripheral estrogen from aromatization of androgens in adipose tissue.3 These alterations have deleterious effects on folliculogenesis and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) secretion.4 AMH, a reliable and clinically accessible biomarker for ovarian reserve, is a glycoprotein produced by granulosa cells in the preantral and small antral follicles.5 It is widely accepted as a relevant marker of ovarian reserve because it corresponds directly to the size of the primordial follicle pool, remains stable across the menstrual cycle, and progressively declines with advancing age until it becomes completely undetectable at menopause.5 Obesity has a multifactorial impact on the reproductive health of women.Some adverse reproductive outcomes could be related to endocrine disruptions, including impaired ovarian health.6 Adipose tissue is not only a passive energy reservoir; it is a highly active endocrine organ that secretes leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α).7 Increased central obesity, along