Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review of cardiac implications

Background

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative condition not only marked by motor impairment but also by a wide range of non-motor symptoms, such as cardiovascular complications. Cardiac dysfunction, traditionally ascribed to autonomic nervous system damage, is now more and more identifi ed as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in PD patients. The present review intends to integrate current evidence regarding the cardiac manifestations of PD, highlighting their prevalence, mechanisms, and clinical relevance.