Robotic-Assisted MicroTESE: A Scoping Review of Current Evidence and Future Perspectives

Background/Objectives: Robotic-assisted microsurgery has progressively been adopted in andrology, extending from vasectomy reversal and subinguinal varicocelectomy to more exploratory applications such as robotic-assisted microdissection testicular sperm extraction (RA-microTESE) for men with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA). RA-microTESE has been proposed to combine the established benefits of standard microscopic microTESE with the ergonomic and optical advantages of robotic platforms, including tremor elimination, stereoscopic three-dimensional visualisation, and multi-instrument articulation. The clinical evidence supporting this specific application, however, has never been systematically mapped.