Clinical Features and Immunological Markers Associated with Invasive Pulmonary Fungal Disease in Organizing Pneumonia: A Matched Case–Control Study

Background/Objectives: Invasive pulmonary fungal disease (IPFD) is a serious complication of organizing pneumonia (OP), but associated clinical and immunological features remain poorly defined.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective 1:2 age- and sex-matched case–control study of 126 adults with OP, including 42 with concomitant IPFD and 84 controls. Clinical, radiological, immunosuppressive exposure and admission lymphocyte-subset data were analyzed using a full-cohort clinical model and an immunological subgroup model (n = 39).