Journal of Clinical Medicine
Variability in Refractive Measurements in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Under Cycloplegic and Non-Cycloplegic Conditions: Influence of Measurement Method
By Monika Modrzejewska, Karolina Skonieczna‐Żydecka, Anna Modrzejewska and 4 others.
Abstract
Purpose
To compare refractive measurements obtained with Retinomax K-plus 3 and Plusoptix A09 V in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) before and after cycloplegia and to assess inter-device agreement.
Methods
This retrospective pilot study included 23 children with ASD (mean age 6.54 ± 2.83 years), of whom 14 underwent examination with two autorefractometers (Retinomax K-plus 3 and Plusoptix A09 V) before and after cycloplegia induced with 1% tropicamide. Direct inter-device comparisons were restricted to the 14 children with paired measurements and were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, with matched-pairs rank-biserial correlations reported as effect sizes. Agreement in spherical equivalent (SE) was assessed using Bland–Altman analysis. Cycloplegia-induced refractive shifts were compared between devices. Secondary comparisons with controls without documented neurodevelopmental disorders (n = 27) were restricted to Retinomax SE measurements and performed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), with age included as a continuous covariate.