Journal of Clinical Medicine
The Evolution of TMR Utilization: A 23-Year Journey from Exploratory Upper Extremity Prosthesis Control to Standard of Care for Major Amputations and Pain Management
By Matthew D. Ramsey, Jason Zhang, Muhammad T Hassan and 3 others.
Abstract
Background
Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) has become increasingly utilized beyond advanced myoelectric control to treat and prevent neuropathic pain. This study aims to evaluate changes in practice patterns in TMR utilization.
Methods
A single-center, retrospective review was conducted for TMR procedures from 2002 to 2025 using CPT codes and publications. Case volumes were analyzed by major amputation level, timing, and for patients without amputation. A bibliographic analysis from 2004 to 2025 was then conducted to model corresponding research activity. Trends were analyzed using negative binomial regression and logistic regression with α = 0.05.