Abstract / Summary
IntroductionBone fracture healing involves coordinated inflammatory, oxidative, and remodeling processes. This study evaluated free zingiberene and a zingiberene-selenium nanoparticle (zingiberene-SeNP) formulation in a rat femoral fracture model.MethodsTwenty-four adult male Wistar rats were assigned to intact control, fracture control, fracture plus zingiberene (10 mg/kg/day), or fracture plus zingiberene-SeNP formulation (0.5 mg/kg/day, expressed as total administered formulation mass) groups for 35 days. Outcomes included serum calcium, phosphate, magnesium, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP); malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT); C-reactive protein (CRP), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB); C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I), calcitonin, osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin (OPG), and bone morphogenetic protein-1 (BMP-1), together with radiographic and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) histology.ResultsFracture disrupted mineral, oxidative, inflammatory, and bone-turnover profiles. Both treatments improved multiple biochemical and inflammatory indices versus fracture control. The zingiberene-SeNP formulation showed stronger effects than free zingiberene for selected endpoints, including MDA, GSH, ALP, PGE₂, TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB, CTX-I, calcitonin, osteocalcin, OPG, and BMP-1. Radiographic and histological findings were consistent with improved callus organization and bone maturation.DiscussionOverall, both treatments favorably modulated fracture-repair responses, with greater effects of the nanoformulation for selected parameters.