The impact of zeaxanthin and lycopene on fatty acid beta-oxidation in isolated peroxisomes from frozen livers of obese rats

Over the past decade, research has emphasized the role of organelle dysfunction in various diseases, particularly obesity and related metabolic disorders. Peroxisomes, essential for lipid metabolism and redox balance, have been associated with obesity-related complications. Although carotenoids such as zeaxanthin (Zi) and lycopene (Ly) are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, their effects on peroxisomal function in obesity remain unexamined. This study evaluated the effects of Zi and Ly supplementation on peroxisomal β-oxidation, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Forty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: normal diet, HFD, Zi (100 mg/kg), and Ly (25 mg/kg). After a 12-week HFD regimen, the rats received Zi and Ly for an additional 5 weeks. Peroxisome function was assessed by measuring the activity of marker enzymes such as catalase and acyl-CoA oxidase, along with evaluations of antioxidant enzyme activity, oxidative stress indicators, inflammatory biomarkers, and lipid profiles. Serum fatty acid content was analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Results showed that HFD intake resulted in significant weight gain and peroxisomal dysfunction, indicated by reduced enzyme activities and increased serum saturated fatty acids. In contrast, Zi and Ly treatments improved peroxisomal β-oxidation, altered fatty acid profiles, decreased oxidative stress and inflammation markers, and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities. These findings suggest that Zi and Ly can restore peroxisomal function impaired by high-fat diets, highlighting peroxisomal homeostasis as a potential therapeutic target in obesity. Further research is recommended to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms.