Postural stability and body composition according to primary dysmenorrhea severity in young women: a cross-sectional study

Background/objectives Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is a common but often underestimated problem among women that may influence sensory processing and neuromuscular control. However, the associations between menstrual pain intensity, body composition, and postural stability remain unclear. Understanding whether menstrual pain is associated with measurable changes in neuromuscular performance may provide insight into female-specific determinants of physical function. Methods This cross-sectional study included 99 women aged 18–28 years. The participants were divided into one of three groups based on a retrospective assessment of menstrual pain intensity using the VAS scale (mild, moderate, and severe pain). Static postural stability was assessed using the Neurocom system with the modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance protocol (mCTSIB). Body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Results No significant differences were observed in static balance or body composition parameters between groups with different PD severity. However, correlation analysis revealed a significant negative association between pain intensity and sway velocity during the firm surface eyes-closed condition in the mild PD group (r s = -0.71; p<0.001), whereas similar relationships were not observed in moderate or severe PD groups. Given the small subgroup size, this correlation should be considered exploratory and interpreted with caution. Conclusions The severity of primary dysmenorrhea was not associated with differences in overall static postural stability or body composition. Nevertheless, individual pain-related adaptations in postural control may occur, highlighting the importance of individualized assessment and management strategies in women with PD.