Enhancing reproduction efficiency in breeding boars using medicinal plants

The profitability and sustainability of pig enterprises are still largely determined by reproductive efficiency. Many farm operations still have low conception rates and poor boar fertility despite advancements in breeding techniques and veterinary care, which are often linked to low spermatozoa quality. Synthetic hormones have been applied to combat these issues, but their use raises concerns about food safety, environmental sustainability, and animal health. Rich in bioactive substances, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids, which promote reproductive health, enhance spermatozoa quality, and reduce oxidative stress (OS), medicinal plants have become preferred natural substitutes. Not only do these plants provide a comprehensive strategy with few adverse effects, they also meet consumer demands for clean, residue-free animal products and are affordable for farmers with limited resources. Hempseed ( Cannabis sativa L. ) mitigates oxidative damage to spermatozoa. Garlic ( Allium sativum ) improves spermatozoa count, seminal vesicles, and epididymis weight. Moringa ( Moringa oleifera ) improves male sexual functions, such as libido and erectile dysfunction, and also helps address testicular damage. Oregano ( Origanum vulgare ) improves semen volume, spermatozoa motility, and spermatozoa viability. Therefore, medicinal herbs have the potential to increase boar fertility and promote their incorporation into sustainable pig farming systems to enhance food safety.