Selected laser technologies used in ophthalmology: A narrative review of corneal refractive procedures, nd:yag laser applications, and their clinical significance

Laser technologies constitute a fundamental component of contemporary ophthalmology, permitting precise and minimally invasive treatment of refractive errors and selected ocular conditions. The aim of this review is to discuss the most important applications of laser refractive procedures and the Nd:YAG laser. The section on refractive surgery examines photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), and small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE), with particular emphasis on their mechanisms of action, indications, advantages, limitations, and potential complications. PRK remains a significant method of superficial ablation, especially for patients with thinner corneas or an elevated risk of complications related to flap creation. LASIK provides rapid visual improvement but necessitates a thorough assessment of corneal biomechanics and ocular surface status. SMILE offers a flapless alternative, particularly for correcting myopia and myopic astigmatism. The review also addresses the clinical applications of the Nd:YAG laser, including posterior capsulotomy, peripheral iridotomy, and vitreolysis. The analysis indicates that the effectiveness of laser treatment in ophthalmology is determined not only by technological sophistication but also by appropriate patient selection, outcome assessment, and the surgeon’s expertise.