Effect of transmitted radiation through emergency blankets on human heat loss under non-uniform radiant environments assuming winter evacuation shelters

This study investigates heat flux components under non-uniform radiant environments assuming winter evacuation shelters, specifically focusing on transmitted radiation penetrating clothing and blanket voids. Thermal manikin experiments were conducted in a constant-temperature room where non-uniform conditions were created using radiant panels. Numerical simulations based on the experimental conditions separated the heat flux components and calculated a transmitted radiation flux within the range of 4.24–8.73 W/m². These findings suggest that conventional models ignoring transmitted radiation underestimate human heat loss, highlighting the necessity of addressing this specific radiative component to ensure thermal safety in cold environments.