Anesthetic techniques for ureteroscopy in pregnancy and their maternal, fetal, and procedural outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Urolithiasis in pregnancy poses clinical challenges due to maternal physiological changes and the limiting of treatment options. Ureteroscopy is the preferred minimally invasive intervention, but optimal anesthesia selection remains debated. General, spinal, and local anesthesia each carry distinct benefits and risks regarding maternal and fetal safety. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to compare these techniques across maternal, fetal, and operative outcomes to guide clinical decision-making in this population.