Overview of caprine paratuberculosis in goats in India and other countries

Abstract Caprine paratuberculosis is characterised by chronic granulomatous enteritis caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). It is a severe disease that affects small ruminants globally. The disease causes high economic losses due to animal deaths and a decrease in farm production. India’s goat population is the 2nd largest in the world, with >200 million small ruminants. It is noteworthy that this pathogenic bacterium can also infect sheep and goats as well as cattle worldwide (apart from India), indicating its ability to thrive in diverse environmental conditions. The present review aims to present current updates on prevalence, identification, and diagnostic choices for PTB, with the ultimate goal of facilitating the development of better-informed diagnostic and management strategies. Updates on this disease in goats shall be useful for estimation and for taking preventive measures to control the disease, as well as for future studies to improve genetic, diagnostic, immunisation, and production values.