Serum Inflammatory-Nutritional Markers Refine Machine-Learning Prognostic Stratification for Resectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background

Outcomes after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain heterogeneous, and conventional staging systems have limited resolution for individual postoperative risk prediction. Serum inflammatory-nutritional markers are inexpensive and routinely available, but their value as integrated inputs for machine-learning survival modeling after HCC resection remains insufficiently defined.