Rising Burden and Future Projections of Tobacco-Associated Ischemic Heart Disease Mortality in the United States: A CDC WONDER and Joinpoint Regression Analysis, 1999–2035

Abstract Background: Tobacco use is a major modifiable risk factor for ischemic heart disease (IHD) and contributes to atherosclerosis, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and thrombosis. Although overall IHD mortality in the United States has declined over recent decades, the temporal patterns and population-level disparities in IHD mortality among individuals with documented tobacco use remain incompletely characterized.