Abstract / Summary
Abstract Background: The global spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) has increased concerns about reassortment between avian and human influenza viruses and the potential emergence of novel pandemic influenza strains. Annual seasonal influenza vaccination can reduce this risk and is recommended by the Dutch government and the World Health Organization (WHO) for risk groups, including poultry farmers. This study explored Dutch poultry farmers’ perceptions regarding this vaccination and identified motivations and barriers influencing their willingness to be vaccinated.
Methods: This qualitative study involved semistructured interviews with twelve poultry farmers in the Netherlands. Interviews were conducted online via Microsoft Teams between June and October 2024. The interview guide was based on the attitude‒social influence‒self-efficacy (ASE) model. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis.
Results: Attitudes towards vaccination differed both generally and regarding seasonal influenza vaccination due to avian influenza risk. Approximately half considered vaccination a reasonable preventive measure. The main motivation for vaccination was preventing reassortment between avian and human influenza viruses and thereby reducing the risk of a future pandemic. Participants also viewed vaccination as a sign of societal responsibility and a way to contribute positively to the public image of the poultry sector. Important barriers included diminished trust in the government, perceived regulatory burden within the poultry sector, and perceived limited benefits of vaccination. Participants emphasized that vaccination should remain voluntary. Participants generally perceived their personal risk of avian influenza infection as low, while acknowledging potentially severe consequences for public health if a novel influenza virus were to emerge. Trusted sources of information included veterinarians, general practitioners, poultry advisers, and agricultural organizations. Accessibility was considered essential: local, flexible in timing, and free of charge.
Conclusions: Acceptance of seasonal influenza vaccination among poultry farmers is influenced by a combination of societal responsibility, perceived risk, trust in the government, and practical considerations. Vaccination strategies should emphasize the societal benefits of vaccination and the potentially serious public health consequences of the emergence of a novel influenza virus. Improving vaccine uptake among poultry farmers requires engagement of trusted intermediaries and vaccination programs that are accessible and tailored to farmers’ practical needs.