Flunitrazepam Disrupts Male Reproductive functions via altering the pituitary- Gonadal axis and Oxidative stress in Male Wistar Rats

Abstract Flunitrazepam-induced impairment of male reproductive function is a significant concern. This study evaluated its reproductive toxicity in male Wistar rats. Thirty-five adult rats were assigned into seven groups. Group A (control) received 1 ml distilled water. Groups B and C received 1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg Flunitrazepam for 56 days, while groups D and E received similar doses followed by a drug-free recovery period. Groups F and G were co-treated with Flunitrazepam and Vitamin C. Reproductive hormones (FSH, LH and testosterone), oxidative stress markers (GSH, MDA), semen parameters and reproductive organ weights were assessed, alongside histological examination. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with turkey’s post hoc test (P ≤ 0.05). Results showed reduced body weight in groups B, C, F, and G. Sperm motility declined in all treated groups, while abnormalities increased in group F. Sperm viability remained unchanged, but sperm counts decreased in groups B, C, F, and G. LH levels declined in groups B, C, and F, and FSH decreased in group C, with no change in testosterone levels. Glutathione levels decreased in groups B and C. Histological examinations revealed structural testicular damage in the exposed group. In conclusion, Flunitrazepam adversely affects male reproductive function in Wistar rats.