Abstract / Summary
Abstract Background Three-dimensional (3D) printing has expanded the possibilities for developing patient-specific anatomical models and simulation platforms for medical education. However, validated, affordable simulators for complex thoracic reconstructive procedures remain limited. This study aimed to develop and validate a reusable, low-cost 3D-printed simulator for bronchial and pulmonary vascular reconstruction. Methods A prospective multicenter validation study was performed involving 36 participants with different levels of surgical experience (13 medical students, 10 surgical residents, and 13 senior thoracic surgeons). Anatomical molds were designed using computer-aided design software and fabricated using fused deposition modeling technology. Silicone bronchial and pulmonary vascular models were produced from the printed molds and incorporated into a thoracic access platform. Face, content, and construct validity were assessed using standardized questionnaires and objective performance measures. Results The simulator demonstrated good internal consistency for face-validity assessment (Cronbach's α = 0.851) and excellent internal consistency for content validity (Cronbach's α = 0.947). Construct validity was supported by significant differences in performance across participant experience levels during restricted reconstruction tasks. Repeated simulator use significantly reduced procedural completion time (P < 0.001). Conclusions This study demonstrates that low-cost 3D printing can be used to manufacture reproducible and educationally valid simulators for complex thoracic reconstruction. The proposed platform provides an accessible solution for simulation-based surgical training and may facilitate wider implementation of competency-based education in thoracic surgery.