Abstract / Summary
Abstract Background Bovine tuberculosis (BTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis , is a chronic zoonotic disease that remains endemic in Ethiopia, where it adversely affects livestock productivity and poses a significant public health risk. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of BTB in and around Shire Indasilase, Northern Ethiopia, identify the major associated risk factors with the disease, and evaluate the level of public awareness regarding its transmission and prevention. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2022 to May 2023 involving 382 dairy cattle from 109 farms. The prevalence of BTB was determined using the comparative intradermal tuberculin test (CIDT). In addition, structured questionnaires were administered to 109 dairy cattle owners and 29 patients with tuberculosis lymphadenitis (TBLN) to assess awareness and potential risk factors associated with BTB. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify potential risk factors and determine independent predictors of BTB. Statistical significance was assessed at the 5% level. Results The animal- and herd-level prevalence of BTB was 10.2% (39/382) and 26.6% (29/109), respectively. Crossbred cattle (OR = 2.36, 95% CI: 1.14–4.89), pregnant cows (OR = 4.33, 95% CI: 1.46–12.86), and animals with poor body condition were more likely to be at higher risk of tuberculin positivity. The questionnaire survey revealed a low level of awareness of BTB among respondents, with fewer than 20% recognizing its zoonotic importance and transmission routes. Furthermore, high-risk practices, including the consumption of raw milk and raw meat, were commonly reported. Human tuberculosis cases were reported in 13% of households owning purified protein derivative (PPD)-reactor cattle, suggesting a possible epidemiological association between bovine and human tuberculosis. Conclusion BTB remains an important animal and public health concern in the study area. Several host- and herd-level factors were associated with infection, while limited awareness and risky consumption practices may facilitate zoonotic transmission. Strengthened BTB surveillance, improved public awareness, enhanced biosecurity, and integrated One Health interventions are recommended.