Cholesterol Profile and Cardiovascular Risk Among Senior Civil Servants in Umuahia North Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria

Abstract Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of death globally and constitute a growing public health challenge in low- and middle-income countries. Dyslipidaemia, characterized by abnormalities in blood lipid concentrations such as elevated total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), is one of the most important modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Abnormal lipid profiles contribute significantly to atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular complications. Objective This study assessed the cholesterol profile and cardiovascular risk among senior civil servants in Umuahia North Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 222 senior civil servants selected through a multistage sampling procedure. Valid lipid results were available for 221 participants for HDL-C, 220 for LDL-C and 222 for triglycerides. Data were obtained using a structured questionnaire and biochemical assessment of lipid parameters. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride levels were measured and categorized according to standard clinical reference values. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and presented as frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations. Results The mean HDL-C level among respondents was 50 mg/dL. Approximately 39.6% of respondents had HDL-C values within the range of 41–60 mg/dL, while a substantial proportion recorded HDL levels associated with increased cardiovascular risk. The mean LDL-C level was 156 mg/dL, with only 1.8% of respondents having optimal LDL-C levels. Most respondents had elevated LDL-C concentrations, particularly within the ranges of 158–207 mg/dL (35.6%) and 208–257 mg/dL (28.4%). The mean triglyceride level was 51 mg/dL, with the highest proportions observed in the ranges of 51–60 mg/dL (37.8%) and 41–50 mg/dL (35.6%). The overall lipid profile pattern suggested increased cardiovascular risk among a considerable proportion of the study population. Conclusion The findings indicate a high prevalence of unfavourable lipid profiles among senior civil servants in Umuahia North LGA. Elevated LDL-C levels and suboptimal HDL-C levels may predispose many respondents to cardiovascular disease. Regular lipid screening, workplace health promotion programmes, dietary modification, and increased physical activity are recommended to reduce cardiovascular risk among civil servants.