Preliminary study on Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) protein profiling and ovarian biomarkers associated with reproductive status in beef cows

This preliminary study investigated associations among reproductive status, ovarian diameter, and Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)-related protein profiles in beef cows. Fifty postpartum cows were classified into two groups: <60 days postpartum (n = 25) and >60 days postpartum (n = 25), and further categorized by reproductive status. Ovarian diameter was measured by ultrasonography, while serum AMH concentration, total protein level, and protein band patterns were evaluated as candidate biomarkers. Cows with normal reproductive status more frequently had ovarian diameters ≥2.0 cm, whereas all cows with reproductive disorders had diameters <2.0 cm. Cows >60 days postpartum showed significantly higher total protein levels, AMH concentrations, and numbers of protein bands than those <60 days postpartum. Western blot analysis identified a distinct AMH-reactive protein band at approximately 60–70 kDa, representing a potential immunodiagnostic target, although detailed epitope characterization was not performed. These findings suggest that ovarian diameter and circulating AMH may serve as indicators associated with reproductive status and postpartum stage in beef cows. The AMH-reactive band provides preliminary molecular evidence for developing AMH-based immunodiagnostic assays. Further studies should validate specific epitopes, develop targeted antibodies, and evaluate prototype fertility tests for field application.