Immunomodulatory potential of Syzygium cumini seed extracts: a comprehensive evaluation through ın vitro and ın vivo models

This study evaluates the immunomodulatory potential of Syzygium cumini (jamun) seed extracts using safer solvents—ethyl acetate (EASC) and ethanol (ETSC)—addressing toxicity concerns of methanol. Successive solvent extraction and TLC fingerprinting to differentiate the bioactive compounds between the extracts. The extracts were assessed through in vitro assays (DPPH scavenging, NBT reduction, splenocyte proliferation, Candida albicans phagocytosis) and in vivo cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in rats. The ethanolic extract (ETSC) demonstrated superior antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity compared to EASC, enhancing splenocyte proliferation, phagocytic function, neutrophil adhesion, and bone marrow cellularity. Key outcomes included the restoration of hematological parameters and immune organ indices. ETSC showed dose-dependent efficacy by modulating cytokine release and activating immune cells like macrophages and lymphocytes. The study establishes the therapeutic potential of Syzygium cumini seeds in managing oxidative stress and immune dysfunctions, highlighting ETSC as a promising candidate for further exploration.