An integrative review of mental health and substance use treatment guidance for justice-involved youth

Youth involved in the justice system (YIJS) experience disproportionately high rates of mental health and substance use concerns, yet guidance for the delivery of treatment remains fragmented. This review aims to synthesize literature describing guidance for mental health and substance use services for YIJS. We conducted an integrative literature review following methods recommended by Whittemore and Knafl. Searches of four electronic databases and grey literature sources identified documents published between 2013 and 2023. Thirty-one sources were included and appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool and a qualitative content analysis approach was used. Findings revealed two overarching themes, including guiding principles and core components supporting implementation. Guiding principles emphasized needs-based identification and response, client-centred care, collaborative and multisectoral approaches, and equity and culturally appropriate principles. Core components supporting implementation focused on workforce training and competencies. Gaps were observed between high-level expectations and routine practice. The literature reflects a consensus regarding the guiding principles underpinning mental health and substance use services for YIJS, but limited clarity on how these principles should be implemented in practice. Developing youth-specific guidance may support more consistent and effective service delivery for YIJS.