Association of Persistent Abnormal Echocardiographic Parameters with All-Cause Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients: A Cohort Study

Introduction

Echocardiography is commonly used to assess cardiac function and volume load in patients undergoing hemodialysis; however, its association with all-cause mortality remains controversial. Most studies have focused on baseline data, leaving the impact of longitudinal changes in echocardiographic parameters unexamined. This study aimed to analyze the effects of baseline and follow-up echocardiographic parameters on all-cause mortality in a large cohort.