Large language models: what are they and how can the clinician use them?

Abstract Background: Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT represent the latest advancements in natural language processing and artificial intelligence. These models are increasingly being explored for applications in medicine and healthcare, including nephrology.

Objectives

To provide an accessible introduction to LLMs, explain their underlying concepts, discuss their challenges and limitations in medical applications, highlight opportunities for their use in medicine and nephrology, and offer perspectives for future research.