Co-circulating dengue serotypes and the case for integrated arboviral surveillance in Somalia

Dengue is an escalating but under-recognized threat in Somalia, where the recent detection of three co-circulating dengue virus serotypes in Mogadishu creates epidemiological conditions in which secondary heterotypic infections may become increasingly relevant. Drawing on selected recent Somalia specific studies and relevant regional and international evidence, this Commentary highlights the emerging evidence on dengue in Somalia and argues for a shift from episodic outbreak response to sustained, integrated arboviral surveillance and vector control. Laboratory-supported dengue activity has been documented in Banadir, Puntland, and Somaliland, with younger patients comprising a substantial proportion of cases in several cited clinical datasets. Diagnosis has largely relied on rapid tests, while advanced molecular characterization reported to date has largely relied on research collaborations. A survey of 384 health workers found poor knowledge in roughly two-thirds of the respondents, and potentially modifiable factors such as stagnant water near homes and limited awareness of the disease have been associated with infection. These patterns suggest that fragmented, reactive measures are insufficient and that surveillance, laboratory capacity, coordinated dengue vector activities, and community engagement should be strengthened together. This article makes the case for integrated, continuous routine arboviral surveillance with seasonally intensified preparedness and control in Somalia.