Influence of physician and consumer demographics on AI-use penalties in primary care: a vignette-based study

Abstract We investigated how the “AI-use penalty”— physicians disclosing AI use being perceived more negatively—is affected by physician and consumer demographics in primary care settings. Participants ( N = 1030) assessed fictitious family doctor advertisements varying in AI-use and demographics. Physicians stating that they use (vs. never use) AI were rated as less warm and competent, with reduced appointment willingness. Effects were stronger among younger participants but largely independent of physician demographics.