Abstract / Summary
Southeast Asia faces increased risks of zoonotic spillover as a major driver of emerging infectious diseases and pandemics, due to unprecedented environmental change, biodiversity loss and wildlife trade. Within this context, wildlife markets are locations where zoonotic pathogen spillover risks are amplified. However, there is limited understanding of human operational dynamics, hygiene, and the regulatory environment in these markets. We employed a formative qualitative study design at a cross-border wildlife market in Southeast Asia in January 2025 to explore risk behaviors and prevention opportunities. We used participatory and non-participatory observation, in-depth interviews and shared walks as data collection methods, and an inductive reflexive thematic approach for analysis. We classified the market and animal taxa traded following defined risk categories. The market was ranked as ‘very high risk’ for spillover due to the taxa traded. Observations revealed handling and hygiene practices that could increase pathogen transmission risk, such as direct contact with live and dead wildlife, inadequate waste disposal, and lack of protective measures. Cross-border trade and wildlife consumption was driven by local practices, food preferences, and economic and cultural factors. Operating procedures of the market shape risk behaviors but also provide opportunities for preventive measures. This wildlife market operates at the intersection of restrictive trade laws, culturally embedded practices and high spillover risk. Spillover prevention strategies should integrate a holistic and culturally informed One Health approach that addresses immediate market risks while considering broader systemic drivers. A risk-informed regulatory framework may help mitigate future zoonotic spillover threats.