Head and thorax impact conditions in bicycle and e-scooter collisions with cars: Insights from an extensive multibody simulation dataset

Introduction :The rapid growth of bicycle and e-scooter use has led to an increase in related injuries, with the most severe affecting the head and, less often, the thorax during collisions with cars. Although both groups use the same helmets, impact conditions remain insufficiently documented to evaluate current protections or determine whether their requirements should differ. To address this gap, this work aims to characterize head and thorax impacts during bicycle– and e-scooter–car collisions.