Phytochemical composition and anti-inflammatory properties of Aegle marmelos, Bryophyllum pinnatum, and Carica papaya

The leaves of Aegle marmelos (AML) and Bryophyllum pinnatum (BPL), and unripe fruit peels of Carica papaya (CPFP) are traditionally used, either alone or in combination, to treat inflammatory conditions, without substantial scientific evidence. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate their phytochemical constituents and anti-inflammatory activities. Petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol extracts were prepared by sequential extraction and subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses. The extracts were screened for in vitro free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities. The extracts showing higher activities were tested at 125, 250, and 500 mg/ kg doses for anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan-, CFA-, and potassium oxonate-induced inflammation models. The three plants’ methanol extracts showed comparatively higher flavonoids, polyphenols, and glycosaponins contents. The same extracts showed higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities (p < 0.05). The anti-inflammatory activity was dose-dependent, along with restoration of morphology and histology of the inflamed tissues. The current study’s findings provide chemical composition and evidence for these folklore medicinal plants in treating inflammatory conditions like arthritis and gout. These studies suggest bioassay-guided isolation of these ingredients.