Toward Clinically Actionable Prediction of Recurrence and Metastatic Progression in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Systematic Review

Purpose

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has high rates of early recurrence (ER), occult metastasis, and poor survival despite curative-intent therapy. Predictive factors and models span clinical, biomarker, imaging, radiomics, pathologic, and molecular domains, but clinical readiness remains uncertain.