Chronic Cigarette Smoke Extract Exposure Promotes Genomic and Phenotypic Reprogramming in Lung Cancer Cells

Background

Cigarette smoke contains numerous toxic compounds that can induce oxidative stress and DNA damage. While smoking is a well-established driver of lung cancer initiation, the biological consequences of continued exposure after tumor establishment remain poorly understood. This study investigated the genomic and phenotypic effects of chronic cigarette smoke exposure in established lung cancer cells.