Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in drug-resistant epilepsy: A randomized, sham-controlled crossover trial with exploratory EEG and MRI response phenotyping

Objective

Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is a noninvasive neuromodulation strategy for drug-resistant epilepsy, but clinical response is heterogeneous. We examined whether electroencephalographic (EEG) and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) phenotypes were associated with active-specific clinical benefit from taVNS.