Strength Testing in the High School-Aged Baseball Athlete: Reliability, Percentage Ratios, and Pain with Throwing

# Background Digital handheld dynamometry (HHD) is widely used to measure strength. However, among youth baseball athletes, it shows inconsistencies in isometric strength measurements, determination of within-limb strength percentage ratios (SPRs), and tracking changes in strength across a season.

# Purpose To establish intra-tester reliability of isometric HHD strength testing of shoulder and elbow, describe throwing arm strength trends and SPRs across chronological ages, and report throwing with pain after seasonal participation for high school-aged baseball athletes.