Psychosocial Factors Associated with Diabetes Distress Among Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Roles of Perceived Social Support and Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy in an Indonesian Outpatient Sample

Purpose

Diabetes distress represents a diabetes-specific emotional burden associated with the challenges of long-term diabetes management. Psychosocial factors, including perceived social support and diabetes management self-efficacy, may influence how individuals experience and adapt to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the relationships among these factors remain insufficiently characterized when diabetes distress is considered the primary outcome. This study aimed to examine the associations among perceived social support, diabetes management self-efficacy, and diabetes distress among adults with T2DM receiving outpatient care in Indonesia. Patients and methods: An analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted among 107 adults with physician-confirmed T2DM attending an internal medicine outpatient clinic in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Participants were recruited using consecutive sampling. Perceived social support, diabetes management self-efficacy, and diabetes distress were assessed using the Indonesian versions of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Diabetes Mellitus Self-Efficacy Scale, and Diabetes Distress Scale. Associations among variables were examined using correlation analysis and regression-based path analysis with bootstrap estimation.