Disseminated Tuberculosis With Ocular Involvement After 12 Years of Anti-TNF-α Therapy

Background

Ocular tuberculosis (TB) is an uncommon yet potentially vision-threatening manifestation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, particularly difficult to diagnose in immunocompromised individuals. The increasing use of anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (anti-TNF-α) agents has markedly heightened the risk of TB reactivation, often with disseminated or extrapulmonary involvement despite negative baseline screening.