Comparative safety outcomes of three venous access routes for totally implantable venous access port placement and exploratory assessment of pre-removal catheter-related thrombosis in breast cancer patients

Objective

To compare the safety outcomes of totally implantable venous access port (TIVAP) implantation through the internal jugular vein (IJV), subclavian vein (SCV), and axillary vein (AxV) in patients with breast cancer, and to explore a pre-removal thrombosis risk-stratification framework integrating D-dimer levels and vascular ultrasonography findings.

Methods