Cognitive Dysfunction Across the Chronic Kidney Disease Continuum: Current Evidence, Clinical Implications, and Future Directions

ABSTRACT Background and Objective: Cognitive impairment is a prevalent and under-recognized phenomenon associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). It becomes more common as kidney function declines, peaking among patients on dialysis. However, few studies have systematically compared the cognitive profile and clinical implications of cognitive dysfunction between non-dialysis CKD and dialysis-dependent kidney failure. This narrative review aimed to collate and compare recent findings regarding the clinical characteristics of cognitive impairment associated with non-dialysis CKD and dialysis.