Nail Fold Capillaroscopic Changes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Their Correlation with Diabetic Retinopathy in the Indian Population: A Cross-sectional Study

Abstract Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a disease that has multiple systemic negative effects and a high mortality rate. Ophthalmoscopes and other direct observation instruments were long employed to evaluate the impact of diabetes on the microvasculature because of its vascular involvement. Nailfold capillaroscopy (NFC) is a widely accepted method for evaluating the framework of proximal nail folds and microvascular circulation, predominantly in connective tissue disorders. Its application in the early prognostic evaluation of T2DM requires further research.