Increased Plasma Endogenous Ethanol Correlates with and Discriminates Against Microvascular Complications in Type-2 Diabetic Traditionally Alcohol-Abstinent Saudi Patients: A Biomarker Cross-Sectional Analysis

Background/Objectives: Endogenously produced ethanol (EndoEth) from a dysbiotic microbiome is an under-recognized pathogenic factor in metabolic diseases, including type-2 diabetes (T2DM). EndoEth is any systemically detectable alcohol in abstinent individuals. We aimed to assess EndoEth changes, its correlation with patients’ characteristics, metabolic indices, the disease outcomes, and its biomarker and independent risk factor characteristics as compared to healthy controls.